Showing posts with label ICE. Show all posts
Showing posts with label ICE. Show all posts

Monday, 17 August 2015

Becchina and a Peucetian clay stamnos

Source: MiBACT
I have been reflecting on some of the objects returned to Italy in May 2015. One of the objects in the press photograph was a Peucetian clay stamnos that I had noted before, The Italian press release described it as follows:
Qualche tempo fa, la Sezione Elaborazione Dati del Comando CC TPC individuava queste straordinarie opere d’arte, in vendita all’asta Christie’s New York del 7.12.2011, tra quelle presenti nel c.d. Archivio BECCHINA. 
Gli ulteriori accertamenti investigativi condotti dal Reparto Operativo consentivano di accertare che tutti i beni erano riconducibili a scavi clandestini avvenuti negli anni 70-80 in Puglia. Dopo lo scavo, i beni erano giunti nelle disponibilità del BECCHINA. 
Le informazioni investigative, che confermavano le false attestazioni di provenienza ed origine presenti nel catalogo Christie’s così come fornite dal consegnatario e proprietario dei beni, consentiva all’ICE di sequestrare i beni che, in seguito alla confisca, venivano restituiti all’Italia. 
The identification had been made by Glasgow University researcher Dr Christos Tsirogiannis when it surfaced at Christie's New York in December 2011 (lot 154). As I noted at the time, the stamnos surfaced through Sotheby's New York in 1995.

It would be interesting to learn who consigned the piece to Sotheby's. Are there related pieces from the same source?

Note that it has taken 20 years for the partial collecting history to emerge. Will that be the same for material coming out of the present conflicts in the Middle East?

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Tuesday, 26 May 2015

Cultural property returned to Italy

Source: MiBACT
The Italian authorities have held a further press conference to note a further batch of cultural property from North American collections [press release]. Some have been objects that have been noted before:

1. Kalpis etrusca a figure nere con scene di delfini, databile 510-500 a.C., del pittore di Micali; Nel corso del procedimento penale della Procura della Repubblica di Roma a carico di Giacomo Medici, con il fondamentale supporto di assistenza giudiziaria eseguita negli USA, emergeva che la kalpis, di proprietà del Toledo Museum of Art (Ohio, USA), era riconducibile alle attività illecite del noto trafficante italiano. Il CC TPC forniva all’ICE le evidenze attestanti la provenienza illecita del bene che, pur essendo inserito nell’archivio MEDICI, era stato in realtà venduto al museo statunitense nel 1982 con false attestazioni di provenienza. Sulla base delle informazioni dettagliate fornite dall’Arma, l’ICE di Cleveland e il Toledo, giungevano alla stesura di un accordo concernente la spontanea restituzione del bene all’Homeland Security Investigations – ICE e successivamente all’Italia, atto formalmente ratificato dall’U.S. District Court di Toledo. Il bene, una volta restituito e prima di essere formalmente rimpatriato, è stato in esposizione al Consolato Generale d’Italia in New York nell’ambito della programmazione dell’Anno della Cultura Italiana negli USA.

2. Cratere attico a figure rosse, del pittore di Methyse, 460-450 a.C., altezza cm. 59,69, diametro piede cm. 34,93; Il cratere, così come per la Kalpis del Toledo Museum, fa parte dei beni trafficati dal Giacomo Medici. In particolare, le evidenze attestano che Medici l’abbia venduto nel 1983 al Minneapolis Institute of Arts (MN – USA), per il tramite di una sua società di comodo (Xolian Trade di Ginevra). L’allora direttore e presidente del MIA, avendo appreso dalla stampa dell’esistenza di indagini su un cratere in collezione nella sua istituzione museale, attraverso una missiva inviata al Ministro dei Beni e delle Attività Culturali, promosse la ratifica di un accordo per la restituzione del bene ove fosse stata provata la sua provenienza illecita. In tal senso, le attività investigative del Comando CC TPC consentivano di accertare che lo scavo illecito di provenienza del cratere era identificabile in un sito dell’area archeologica di Rutigliano (BA). Successivamente, tutte le evidenze informative venivano comunicate all’ICE che, attraverso l’Ufficio di Minneapolis e la collaborazione del Museo, giungeva alla stesura di un accordo (Stipulation Order) con cui il MIA consegnava spontaneamente il bene all’Homeland Security Investigations – ICE che, successivamente lo restituiva all’Italia, con atto ratificato dall’United States Attorney ‘s Office di Minnesota. Il bene, una volta restituito e prima di essere formalmente rimpatriato, è stato in esposizione al Consolato Generale d’Italia in New York nell’ambito della programmazione dell’Anno della Cultura Italiana negli USA

3. Pelike apula a figure rosse, 340 – 320 a.C., altezza cm. 36,2;

4. Coppia di oinochoai apuli trilobati in stile Gnathia, 330-300 a.C.;

5. Stamnos apulo peuceta, VI secolo a.C., altezza cm. 23,2; Qualche tempo fa, la Sezione Elaborazione Dati del Comando CC TPC individuava queste straordinarie opere d’arte, in vendita all’asta Christie’s New York del 7.12.2011, tra quelle presenti nel c.d. Archivio BECCHINA. Gli ulteriori accertamenti investigativi condotti dal Reparto Operativo consentivano di accertare che tutti i beni erano riconducibili a scavi clandestini avvenuti negli anni 70-80 in Puglia. Dopo lo scavo, i beni erano giunti nelle disponibilità del BECCHINA. Le informazioni investigative, che confermavano le false attestazioni di provenienza ed origine presenti nel catalogo Christie’s così come fornite dal consegnatario e proprietario dei beni, consentiva all’ICE di sequestrare i beni che, in seguito alla confisca, venivano restituiti all’Italia. Il bene, una volta restituito e prima di essere formalmente rimpatriato, è stato in esposizione al Consolato Generale d’Italia in New York nell’ambito della programmazione dell’Anno della Cultura Italiana negli USA. 

6. Affresco a forma di medaglione raffigurante un busto di giovane donna con un amorino sulle spalle, I sec. a.C., cm. 35x35;

7. Affresco raffigurante una figura maschile, I sec. a.C., cm. 72x60 oppure 50x35;

8. Affresco raffigurante una figura femminile con lungo mantello rosso e regge con la mano destra una piccola Oinochoe, , I sec. a.C., cm. 72x60 oppure 50x35; I Carabinieri del TPC, in missione a New York per il rimpatrio di altre opere d’arte italiane, apprendevano dell’esistenza di accertamenti in atto, da parte dell’ICE di New York, sulla collezione privata di un magnate statunitense, in procinto di essere posta in vendita all’asta. Un esame sommario dei beni faceva subito ipotizzare che alcuni di essi potessero essere di provenienza illegale dall’Italia. Grazie alla collaborazione dell’ICE, che inviava tutte le effigi fotografiche dei reperti al Comando CC TPC, la SED identificava i tre affreschi, quale parziale provento del furto avvenuto il 26 giugno 1957 presso l’ufficio Scavi della Soprintendenza Archeologica di Pompei (Napoli), ricerche diramate in ambito Interpol e sul Bollettino del Servizio per le Ricerche delle Opere d’Arte Rubate edito dall’Arma dei Carabinieri. Sulla base delle evidenze investigative raccolte dal Rep. Op. TPC, l’ICE procedeva alla confisca amministrativa dei beni e alla restituzione definitiva al TPC che ne aveva rivendicata l'appartenenza al patrimonio culturale italiano. E’ opportuno evidenziare che nel corso del furto del 1957, furono asportati complessivamente sei affreschi. Nel corso degli anni, oltre i tre appena rimpatriati, il CC TPC ha recuperato tutti i beni asportati, e precisamente in: • Svizzera - 26.2.2000, affresco raffigurante pavone; • Gran Bretagna - 22.12.2008, affresco raffigurante Dioniso; • Stati Uniti – 4.12.2009, affresco raffigurante una Ministra sacrificante.

9. Un cratere lucano a campana, a figure rosse, attribuibile al pittore di Amykos, 440-410 a.C.; La foto, unitamente a quelle dei precedenti affreschi, veniva inviata dal Reparto Operativo del TPC ai colleghi dell’ICE di NY nell’ambito della consolidata collaborazione investigativa. Ed infatti, grazie agli accertamenti condotti dalla Sezione Elaborazione Dati, si individuava il bene tra quelli raffigurati nel c.d. Archivio BECCHINA. L’ICE NY procedeva quindi alla confisca amministrativa e alla restituzione definitiva al Comando CC TPC che ne aveva rivendicata l'appartenenza al patrimonio culturale italiano;

10. Askos configurato a forma di cane, IV-II sec. a.C.; La foto, unitamente alle precedenti, veniva inviata dal Reparto Operativo del TPC ai colleghi dell’ICE di NY nell’ambito della consolidata collaborazione investigativa. Ed infatti, grazie agli accertamenti condotti dalla Sezione Elaborazione Dati, si individuava il bene tra quelli raffigurati nel c.d. Archivio MEDICI. L’ICE NY procedeva quindi alla confisca amministrativa e alla restituzione definitiva al Comando CC TPC che ne aveva rivendicata l'appartenenza al patrimonio culturale italiano;

11. Una cuspide di sarcofago pestano, raffigurante Auleta, IV-III secolo a.C.; L’ufficio ICE NY faceva pervenire le foto concernenti la cuspide in pestana, segnalando che il bene, asseritamente di fattura Macedone e di proprietà di una società del Liechtenstein, in importazione negli USA e proveniente dalla Svizzera, era destinata ad un noto collezionista americano. Pur se i primi accertamenti in Banca Dati si rivelavano negativi, il Rep. Op. – avendo già investigato sul predetto collezionista, a cui aveva sequestrato numerosi beni d’arte tra i quali la bellissima fiale d’oro da Morgantina (valore 1,6 milioni di dollari) ed un bronzetto rubato al museo di Taranto, procedeva ad approfondimenti investigativi facendo effettuare una expertise del bene da funzionari del MiBACT. La relazione tecnica accertava che la cuspide era autentica e riconducibile all’area archeologica di Paestum. I successivi accertamenti presso il Museo archeologico di Paestum, inoltre, permettevano di individuare una cuspide esattamente analoga a quella localizzata negli USA. L’omogeneità di fattura, composizione dei materiali, tecnica di esecuzione e dimensioni, dimostravano che l’affresco era provento di scavi clandestini avvenuti nell’area archeologica di Paestum nei primi anni settanta. Sulla base delle informazioni fornite dal TPC, L’ICE NY riusciva ad ottenere la confisca del bene che veniva definitivamente restituito all’Italia.

12. Coperchio di sarcofago in marmo stilizzato, raffigurante donna sdraiata, epoca romana, risalente al II secolo d.C.; Recentemente, l’ICE New York inviava al Reparto Operativo TPC, le foto del bene in vendita a 4,5 milioni di dollari presso una galleria di New York. I successivi accertamenti condotti dalla Sezione Elaborazione Dati consentivano di stabilire che l’opera era stata acquistata da una ditta romana che si occupava della lavorazione di marmi. Dall’analisi del c.d. Archivio BECCHINA, inoltre, emergeva che la parte di sarcofago era stata venduta dal BECCHINA nel luglio del 1986 al collezionista e ricettatore elvetico. Contestualmente, le investigazioni dell’ICE individuavano la proprietà in un collezionista giapponese, già noto al TPC per aver restituito all’Italia migliaia di reperti che il Reparto Operativo del TPC gli aveva sequestrato poiché riconducibili ad acquisti dal BECCHINA. Nel 2014, il collezionista nipponico concordava con la Procura Distrettuale di New York, di rinunciare al diritto di proprietà sul bene, acconsentendo alla confisca a favore dell’ICE ed alla successiva restituzione a favore dell’Italia.

13. Bronzetto romano raffigurante “Marte” II sec. d.C.; In seguito ad accertamenti, la Sezione Elaborazione Dati individuava su un catalogo d’asta Christie’s New York , ove era stato posto in vendita con provenienza indicata in collezione privata anni ’80, il bronzetto del II sec. d. C.. Dalle investigazioni condotte dal Comando TPC, si riusciva a dimostrare che il bene era stato in realtà venduto nel 1991 alla Merrin Galleries di New York. L’ICE Ny, quindi, su segnalazione del TPC procedeva alla confisca del bene sulla base delle false attestazioni indicate sulla provenienza e sull’importazione negli Stati Uniti. Il bronzetto, veniva quindi restituito al patrimonio culturale italiano.

14.Un cannone a retrocarica in ferro, XVII secolo, riconducibile alla città di Venezia; Nel 2014, il bene veniva rinvenuto da personale del Custom and Border Protection di Boston nascosto all’interno di parti di un escavatore, facente parte di una spedizione proveniente dall’Egitto e diretta nel Massachusetts. Pur se risultato negativo agli accertamenti condotti sulla Banca Dati, attraverso ulteriori approfondimenti investigativi focalizzati sui fregi rilevati sul cannone, si riusciva a dimostrare la sua certa riconducibilità al patrimonio culturale italiano. Sulla base delle indicazioni fornite dal Comando CC TPC, quindi, il CBP confiscava il bene in seguito all’accertato tentativo d’illecita importazione negli Stati Uniti e lo restituiva all’Italia.

15. Un cammeo di tipologia antica con iscrizione riferibile alle cosiddette gemme gnostiche o a carattere scaramantico;

16. Frammento di ceramica, con raffigurazione di una figura mitologica, tipo Minerva, con armatura ed elmo; L’ICE di NY, nella consolidata e consueta collaborazione con il Comando CC TPC, inviava alcune foto di beni su cui vi era il sospetto che potessero provenire dall’Italia. I beni, infatti, erano stati rinvenuti in seguito ad un controllo passeggeri dell’aeroporto JFK di New York, nella disponibilità del titolare di una galleria di New York, appena rientrato da Monaco di Baviera (Germania). Pur se i primi accertamenti in Banca Dati si rivelavano negativi, il Reparto Operativo effettuava ulteriori approfondimenti investigativi attraverso una expertise da parte di funzionari del MiBACT. La relazione tecnica accertava che i beni erano autentici ed appartenenti al patrimonio culturale italiano a cui venivano restituiti da parte dell’ICE che nel frattempo ne aveva ottenuto la confisca;

17. Oinochoe configurata a testa maschile, riferibile al V- IV sec. a.C. riproducente una Nubia; La Sezione Elaborazione Dati procedeva al controllo d’iniziativa del sito web della galleria Griffin Gallery di Boca Raton (Florida, USA), accertando che una oinochoe era presente nel c.d. Archivio Medici. Le successive attività investigative del TPC ,anche attraverso expertise di funzionari archeologi del MIBACT, consentivano di contestualizzare che il bene era provento di scavi clandestini e successiva esportazione illecita. La confisca amministrativa, ottenuta dall’ICE a conclusione di una dura battaglia giudiziaria con la Griffin Gallery, consentiva la restituzione del bene d’arte all’Italia.

18. Testa votiva in terracotta raffigurante un volto maschile, III secolo a.C.; Nell’ambito del medesimo controllo al sito web della galleria Griffin Gallery di Boca Raton (Florida, USA), la Sezione Elaborazione Dati individuava una testa votiva che risultava essere parziale provento del furto avvenuto nel giugno 1982 presso un castello privato di Pratica di Mare (Pomezia, Roma). Avuta conferma dall’avente diritto, circa la rispondenza tra il bene presente alla Griffin Gallery e quello asportato, il TPC informava l’ICE di Miami che riusciva ad ottenere la confisca amministrativa del bene restituendolo all’Italia.

19. Cratere attico a campana, a figure rosse, V sec. a.C.;

20. Skyphos attico a figure rosse, pittore di Penelope, V sec. a.C.; L’ICE di NY richiedeva al TPC di eseguire accertamenti relativi all’importazione negli USA di 4 beni archeologici, di proprietà del noto ricettatore di Montreal e destinati alla vendita all’incanto presso la Christie’s di New York. Gli accertamenti in Banca Dati permettevano di individuare i due reperti tra quelli del c.d. Archivio BECCHINA. Dalle indagini, infatti, emergeva che quest’ultimo li aveva illecitamente acquisiti in Italia, rispettivamente nel 1992 e nel 1979, dal noto trafficante pugliese. Nella citata documentazione, inoltre, si rinvenivano foto polaroid riproducenti i beni appena scavati, quelle dei successivi restauri e quelle delle false expertise di provenienza, all’uopo “prodotte” dal BECCHINA. Le indagini, tuttavia, venivano supportate da relazioni tecniche effettuate da funzionari archeologi del MIBACT. Venivano confutate le notizie e i documenti di provenienza prodotte all’ICE dal collezionista canadese, attestanti la legittima proprietà dei beni (certificato di libera circolazione rilasciato dal Min. della Cultura francese) e le false fatture d’acquisto da collezioni private, documentando un collegamento tra il collezionista e i ricettatori italiani. Grazie alle informazioni dettagliate fornite dal TPC, l’ICE otteneva la confisca dei beni e la loro restituzione all’Italia.

21. Historia natural di Ferrante Imperato “Napolitano”;

22. Stirpium Historiae;

23. Rariorm Plantarum Historia Anno 1601 Book; DE CARO Marino Massimo, nel corso degli interrogatori seguìti al suo arresto (avvenuto nell'ambito delle indagini afferenti alla spoliazione della Biblioteca annessa al Monumento Nazionale dei Girolamini di Napoli), rivelava di aver sottratto numerosi volumi di botanica dalla Biblioteca Storica Nazionale dell’Agricoltura presso il Ministero delle Politiche Agricole Alimentari e Forestali. In seguito, li aveva affidati ad una Casa d'Aste fiorentina per la vendita. La perquisizione, disposta dalla Procura della Repubblica di Roma consentiva di rinvenire i segni del passaggio di 17 volumi (gran parte dei quali recuperati e restituiti alla Biblioteca), tre dei quali venivano localizzati negli USA. Per la precisione: ? due libri, intitolati “Stirpium historiae pemptades sex sive libri XXX. Varie ad Auctore paullo ante mortem…dell’anno 1616” dell’autore DODOENS Rembert, e “Rarum plantarum histroia dell’anno 1601” dell’autore L’ECLUSE Charles, che erano stati venduti a un collezionista americano, per circa € 7.000,00; ? un libro, intitolato “Historia Naturale …. Nella quale ordinatamente si tratta della diversa conditon di Minere pietre pretiose e speciale altre curiosità… del anno 1672”, dell’autore IMPERATO Ferrante, che era stato venduto ad un esercizio commerciale specializzato in beni librari, per un importo di € 4.320,00. Grazie alla collaborazione dell’Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), i tre libri venivano localizzati nella disponibilità di un privato e della John Hopkins University di Baltimora. Sia il collezionista che i responsabili dell'Università di Baltimora, una volta appreso che i tre volumi erano provento di furto, li consegnavano spontaneamente alle Autorità statunitensi rinunciando di fatto a qualsiasi pretesa legale sui tre beni in questione che, quindi, venivano restituiti all’Italia.

24. Frammento di pittura murale raffigurante Cristo Benedicente, cm. (h)125 x 102 x 5, secolo XII, di arte romana; Attraverso gli accertamenti eseguiti dalla Banca Dati dei beni culturali illecitamente sottratti del TPC su alcuni beni in asta Sotheby’s, veniva individuato un affresco parietale, raffigurante Cristo Benedicente, parziale compendio del furto consumato il 6.11.1978 nella Cripta ubicata a Guidonia Montecelio (RM), in località Marco Simone Vecchio. La Cripta, con i relativi affreschi, è stata dichiarata di particolare interesse culturale con Decreto Ministeriale del 26.5.1978, notificato il 28.9.1978. Individuato negli USA, il TPC si coordinavano con l’Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) al fine di: - localizzare il frammento ricercato, interpellando a riguardo sia Sotheby’s New York sia l’antichità mandataria; - mettere in sicurezza l’oggetto d’arte ed identificare il proprietario/possessore dell’opera, acquisendo tutta la documentazione posseduta riguardo alla provenienza del bene. Nel settembre del 2014, a seguito di tale azione investigativa, l’avvocato dei detentori dell’affresco, ha confermato la volontà dei proprietari di restituirlo all’Italia. A seguito del N.O. dell’A.G. italiana, attraverso trattative diplomatiche con i legali dei proprietari del bene, il bene è stato rimpatriato e sequestrato presso la Dogana di Fiumicino, dove l’affresco è giunto sulla base di accordi.

25. Manoscritto del Quindicesimo secolo, trafugato nell'agosto del 1990 dagli Archivi dell'Arcidiocesi di Torino; Si tratta di una delle pagine mancanti dell'opera di origine lombarda dal titolo "Messale di Ludovico da Romagno". Le indagini venivano avviate dai Carabinieri del TPC , dopo aver individuato la presenza della citata pagina miniata sul sito web della University of South Florida, Special Collections. Con la collaborazione di quest’ultima facoltà, l’ICE di Tampa - in assistenza giudiziaria - localizzava il manoscritto nella disponibilità di due coniugi della Florida. Questi ultimi, risultavano ignari della provenienza illecita del bene acquistato legalmente negli USA. Lo straordinario manoscritto, tuttavia, veniva consegnato spontaneamente allo United States Attorney’s Office del Middle District of Florida, per la successiva restituzione all’Italia. I Carabinieri del Comando Tutela Patrimonio Culturale, con la collaborazione dei funzionari del MiBACT, sulla base delle evidenze investigative e scientifiche, hanno quindi comprovato, inconfutabilmente, la provenienza dei beni dal nostro Paese, ottenendone quindi la restituzione, attraverso eclettiche attività investigative condotte in sinergia con l’ICE, anche sulla base dei criteri contenuti nel MOU - Memorandum of Understanding – accordo d’intesa esistente tra Italia e Stati Uniti per regolare le importazioni di materiale archeologico.

These returns are a reminder of how the Italian and North American authorities are able to co-operate in order to reduce the movement of cultural property.

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Thursday, 23 April 2015

Operation Mummy's Curse

Source: ICE.
There are times when you wonder if there is a lack of imagination when it comes to naming operations but 'Mummy's Curse' is probably one of them.

Put that aside, ICE has announced that it is has returned "dozens" of Egyptian antiquities to Egypt as part of an "ongoing five-year investigation by ICE’s Homeland Security Investigations (HSI) targeting an international criminal network that illegally smuggled and imported more than 7,000 cultural items from around the world". The total value of the seizures so far is approximately $3 million.

This sarcophagus appears to be the one siezed in a garage in Brooklyn in 2009. It is reported (Kathleen Caulderwood, "US Returns $2.5M In Egyptian Antiquities As Experts Call For Tougher Punishment On Smugglers", International Business Times April 22, 2015):
The coffin had been emblazoned with the name Shesepamutayesher and the title “Lady of the House” sometime between 664 and 111 B.C. But when Special Agent Brenton Easter of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) uncovered the artifact Sept. 8, 2009, after months of investigation, it had been slapped with a few false shipping labels.
So once again we are seeing that the "paper trail" of a significant object is being corrupted to allow the piece to enter the market.

Caulderwood reveals that the investigation is linked to Morris Khouli (and see my earlier discussion here).
Easter recovered the head and other objects from Khouli’s gallery, intercepted shipments in Newark, New Jersey, and eventually found the “Lady of the House” sarcophagus at Khouli’s home, in a crate all ready for shipment.
ICE issued a press release on these investigations back in 2011.

Caulderwood also makes the point that there is the potential for this investigation to be linked to material coming from Syria. And this is a point that I have made before with links to material allegedly from Palmyra.

The material is not just Egyptian in character. The press release states: "A related December 2010 shipment interception netted agents 638 ancient coins from different countries, 65 of which are being repatriated to Egypt today." Which countries? Who imported the coins? What did the paperwork say? And coins have already formed part of the discussion in the Khouli case.

This immediately raises the big question: who has acquired the 7000 plus objects mentioned in the release? Museums? Private collectors? Or are they still part of the stock in a range of dealers? And are some of these objects forming part of what some term "the licit market"?

And this stated case comes against a broad backdrop that appears to include an Egyptian coffin seized in Miami.

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Monday, 2 March 2015

Walter M. Banko Enterprises Ltd. and the returns to Italy

Source: ICE
The US authorities have returned a number of items to Italy. They include objects handled by Walter M. Banko Enterprises Ltd.
In July 2011, Walter M. Banko Enterprises Ltd., attempted to import four pieces of antique Greek pottery through the point of entry at Rouses Point, N.Y. Based on previous investigations and seizures from Walter M. Banko Enterprises Ltd., law enforcement detained the shipment to determine if the pieces had been listed as lost or stolen. In November 2011, HSI Rouses Point seized two of the four pieces of Greek pottery, both from the 5th century B.C. The items were identified as an antique pottery piece titled “Skyphos” and a red-figured pottery krater. These two pieces were seized once they were confirmed to be the same pieces linked to a well-known trafficker of Italian cultural artifacts.
The 'well-known trafficker of Italian cultural artifacts' appears to be Gianfranco Becchina.

Banko has been linked to a marble janiform head, returned to Italy on a previous occasion.

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Tomb fragment from Paestum returned to Italy.

Paestum Fragment
Source: ICE
Italian authorities have returned a tomb painting apparently removed from Paestum. The statement from ICS gives a little detail:
In 2009, HSI New York special agents received information indicating that a New York-based antiquity collector allegedly dealt in the sale of illicit cultural property. This collector was in possession of an artifact that was looted from an ancient Italian tomb in Paestum, Italy. In February 2012, HSI special agents seized the Steinhardt fragment, and it was forfeited to the U.S. government.
This fragment was discussed before on LM with a link to Chasing Aphrodite that has the full details.

This raises the issue of the falsification of the collecting history. And the intended recipient, Michael Steinhardt, has been linked to several other objects.



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Wednesday, 31 December 2014

US returns antiquities to Turkey


The US Government has returned a number of antiquities to Turkey that had been intercepted at Newark International Airport ("Priceless 6th Century B.C. historical artifacts returned to Turkish government", 10 December 2014, ICE press release).
The artifacts were intercepted at Newark International Airport by U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) in February 2013 and HSI Newark returned the items Tuesday subsequent to an investigation that determined the artifacts were illegally smuggled out of Turkey using false documentation destined for an individual in Illinois.
The return included 15 ancient coins.

Who is the private individual in Illinois? Are they a dealer? Or a collector? Or a dealer-collector? Will this person be named?

And how does a paid Washington lobbyist explain this seizure?

For earlier comments by Paul Barford see here.

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Tuesday, 15 October 2013

The Iranian silver griffin

Suzan Mazur has added some further information about the silver griffin returned to Iran ("ICE "Incompetence" In Iranian Griffin Debacle", scoop.nz October 15, 2013). She also quotes from an email by Peter Northover relating to the analysis of the griffin. [Northover also analysed the Cleveland Apollo.]

Oscar Muscarella responds and suggests that Northover's report "hangs in the air" and has "no scientific value".

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Monday, 9 September 2013

Bulgarian coins by post

Source: ICE
In May LM noted the return of 546 ancient coins to Bulgaria. further details of the case have emerged ("Investigation on Bulgaria ancient coins smuggling in U.S. continues", Focus Information Agency, September 7, 2013).
The coins were seized in a post parcel, they were not smuggled by a person. They were sent by post, to a post box in Newark, at the seaport, that is why the investigation takes place there, [HSI Special Agent] Thomas Mulhall explained.
It appears that US officials had been looking out for consignments.
In September 2011, HSI special agents learned of a shipment of ancient coins from Bulgaria destined for the United States. HSI New York, in close coordination with CBP’s Customs Air Cargo Examination Facility, examined and seized the coins. An investigation of the coins revealed the shipment contained a false country of origin, a false description of the commodity and were undervalued.
No doubt we will hear grumbles from a paid lobbyist speaking on behalf of the purveyors of such merchandise.

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Tuesday, 15 January 2013

Toledo, Becchina and HSI Commitment

Etruscan hydria formerly in Toledo
Source: ICE
In June 2012 it was announced that the Toledo Museum of Art would be returning an Etruscan hydria attributed to the Michali painter to Italy. The hydria had been supplied via Giacomo Medici and then Gianfranco Becchina and the falsified documentation clearly has implications for other North American, European and Japanese collections.

I am grateful to Paul Barford for drawing my attention to the ICE press release ("Transfer ceremony clears way for looted ancient vessel to be returned to Italy") about the handover of the hydria on Tuesday January 8, 2013. There is a quote from Toledo's Director, Brian Kennedy: "we have uncovered evidence that it has inadequate provenance". What Kennedy means it that the collecting history was flawed and that the archaeological context had been lost through illicit activity. But why had the Toledo curators failed to spot this at the time of the acquisition? And why has it taken Toledo so long to respond to the Italian requests?

The ICE statement notes that the return of the hydria was "part of a larger scheme by the Becchinas to sell illegitimately obtained cultural property". Moreover we are assured by the words of William Hayes, acting special agent in charge of Homeland Securities Investigations (HSI) Detroit: "And other governments around the world can be assured that HSI remains a committed partner in the effort to return stolen and looted priceless cultural objects to their rightful owners".

Minoan larnax from the Becchina archive
Does this mean that ICE agents will be popping down to the Michael C. Carlos Museum at Emory University to investigate the collecting history of the objects that appear in the Becchina archive? For example, what would they make of the pithos that features so clearly in the documentary evidence? Or what about the Minoan larnax? Or the Terpsichore? It does seem that the Hellenic authorities had asked for their return several years ago (see museum press statement).

What the Toledo in fact indicates is that the focus will now shift from the Medici Dossier to the Becchina archive of some 10,000 photographs and documents. Will we seeing further returns during 2013?

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Friday, 22 June 2012

Toledo and implications for other collections

Etruscan hydria
due to be returned to Italy
The agreed return of the Etruscan hydria from the Toledo Museum of Art to Italy raises other issues. The statement from the US Attorney's Office ("Agreement Paves Way For Artifact's Return To Italy", 20 June 2012) includes this highly significant section:
Following a January 2010 lead from U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Homeland Security Investigation’s (ICE HSI) Rome attaché, Cleveland-based HSI special agents launched an investigation into the true provenance of the artifact. Working closely with law enforcement officials in Italy, HSI agents were able to definitively establish that the documentation provided to the Toledo Museum of Art was falsified and part of a larger scheme by the Becchinas to sell illegitimately obtained cultural property.
This suggests that the collecting history (please can we stop using the misleading term provenance?) for the Etruscan hydria had been "falsified".

So is the falsification of the documentation of the hydria a single example or a one off? It is a theme I have explored before (and I cited two examples linked to Palladion Antike Kunst run by Rosie Becchina). It is relevant to a Roman janiform head recently returned to Italy.

But what about other material? What about the pair of statues, Castor and Pollux, on loan to New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art? What is their association with Becchina?

And what about the Minoan larnax and the archaic pithos in the Michael C. Carlos Museum of Art at Emory University? What does the Becchina archive tell us?

But it is not just North American museums that should be worried. The suspicion also turns to the National Archaeological Museum in Madrid, the Allard Pierson Museum in Amsterdam, and the Miho Museum in Japan.

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Thursday, 26 April 2012

Antiquities returned to Italy from New York auction-house

Detail from Apulian situla.
In October 2009 I noted that antiquities had been seized from a New York auction house. Two of the items were an Apulian situla and an Attic pelike. The US ICE has now issued a press statement about the return of the antiquities including a marble head ("ICE returns stolen and looted art and antiquities to Italy", April 26, 2012). All three items had passed through Christie's Rockefeller Plaza in June and December 2009 and, according to the statement, had been derived from Gianfranco Becchina ("Two of the four investigations have been linked to Gianfranco Becchina, an Italian national allegedly associated with Italian organized crime and a competitor of the Giacomo Medici smuggling organization").

Christie's made an elusive press statement at the time. It is also worth quoting my comment from the time:
If the seized Apulian situla and the Attic pelike are indeed the ones appearing at Christie's in June 2009 then it makes the quote from G. Max Bernheimer, International Department Head of Antiquities, all the more significant: “Today’s [sc. June 3, 2009] strong results show that wonderful objects with clear provenance continue to perform exceedingly well at auction.”
It would now appear that the "clear provenance" was in fact the stock of Becchina.

The seizure has already been noted by me in the Journal of Art Crime (Spring 2010) 83 and in more detail in an article, "Polaroids from the Medici Dossier: Continued Sightings on the Market", co-authored with Christos Tsirogiannis in the Journal of Art Crime (Spring 2011) [abstract].

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Saturday, 24 September 2011

Holyland Numismatics: Uncleaned Coins

Rick St Hilaire has an important discussion of the investigation into the Khouli case. In particular details of emails relating to Salem Alshdaifat of Holyland Numismatics (and ACCG [suspended] member). They include an exchange in January 2009 relating to "uncleaned" coins from a hoard in Egypt:
“[T]he hoard came from Egypt and [is] now in Dubai[.] I asked my partner to ship directly from Dubai to you. [T]his hoard came from Banha, I think we bought coins that we sold you befor[e] from Banha, it is very big Roman city. [Y]ou can wire the funds to my bank account.”
The dealer in Dubai was Nafertiti Eastern Sculptures Trading.

St Hilaire also discusses information about Byzantine coins from Syria.

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Friday, 15 July 2011

North American Charges: The Network

© ICE
Yesterday's news about the charges brought against dealers and a collector of Egyptian antiquities in North America appears to be part of a much wider picture. Zahi Hawass has now written about the story.
In 2009, U.S. customs authorities seized a shipment of antiquities on their way to a gallery in New York City. This shipment included an ancient Egyptian coffin, which the Ministry of State for Antiquities (then the Supreme Council of Antiquities) was able to help authenticate. By investigating this and other suspicious shipments, Homeland Security investigators were able to reveal a network of smugglers and collectors that reached to Egypt, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, Iraq, and other countries.
It will be interesting to learn about the UK connection. Who is involved?

It also looks as if this could be part of a larger criminal network:
According to evidence gathered by the investigators, the suspects had been using their New York gallery to import and sell stolen artifacts, allowing them to funnel large sums of money to other criminals in many parts of the world.
I suspect more information will be released when the legal wheels start to turn.

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Thursday, 14 July 2011

North American Collector Charged: Update

© ICE
There needs to be some clarification over the charge of the North American collector of Egyptian antiquities.  The New York Daily News (John Marzulli, "Feds bust group trying to smuggle Ancient Egyptian mummy coffins", July 14, 2011) states the following:
Between October 2008 and November 2009, Khouli allegedly sold a Greco-Roman sarcophagus, Egyptian funerary boats and limestone figures to collector Joseph Lewis, 54, of Chesterfield, Va.

Agents with Immigration and Customs Enforcement seized the items during a search of Lewis' house on July 13.
A collector of the same name, and apparently aged 52 in 2008, is reported to have made loans and donations of Egyptian antiquities to two major museums. This could herald serious implications for the two institutions. (I have emailed the press officer at the university collection to obtain further information.)


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North American Collector Charged

© ICE
I am reminded that the North American collector charged today over Egyptian antiquities appears to be the same individual linked to the Miami coffin and the Barcelona galerista. It looks as if this is developing into a major story.

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Saturday, 4 September 2010

The Medici Dossier and Corinthian Pottery

Just over a year ago US Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) officers recovered a Corinthian krater from Christie's in New York. The krater had apparently passed through the hands of Giacomo Medici and then surfaced at auction in London. Evidence (presumably photographic from the Medici Dossier) demonstrated that the piece was "indeed part of Italy's cultural property". A complete krater like this had probably been removed from an ancient tomb, perhaps Etruscan.

I was struck by the image of another Corinthian piece from the Medici Dossier showing an archaic amphora decorated with a winged siren. Notice that the setting for the photograph appears to be very similar to the one used for the krater. Where is it now? Does it reside in a public or private collection? Is it part of a dealer's stock?

Note that another Corinthian krater was returned to Italy from the Cleveland Museum of Art.

Such recently-surfaced pieces hinder the study of the distribution of archaic Corinthian pottery.

Images
Archaic Corinthian pottery featured in the Medici Dossier.

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Thursday, 19 August 2010

Miami Law: Correction

Earlier this week I drew attention to a draft paper by Stephen K. Urice and  Andrew Adler where they discuss the Egyptian coffin seized in Miami. The suggested that the collector was Joseph A. Lewis III.

This appears to be incorrect. The case papers (09-23030, signed October 7, 2009) in fact state that the Barcelona galerista sold the coffin to an importer who is named as "Joseph A. Lewis II" (12).

I note that in 1991 a Joseph A. Lewis II from Richmond Va. and an unnamed co-conspirator were "charged in federal court with illegally importing Australian wildlife into the United States" ("Lizard Case in Va. Court", The Washington Post August 3, 1991). The wildlife consisted of "exotic lizards ... including Shingle-Back skinks and Bearded Dragon lizards". The report continued:
As part of the alleged conspiracy, the unnamed co-conspirator would travel to Australia and obtain live reptiles, an act that is illegal in Australia. The co-conspirator then would send the reptiles back to the United States in certain mail parcels. 
To avoid scrutiny of U.S. Customs officials, the contents of the packages were falsely labeled, authorities said.
The Australian press also commented on the case and  provide a little more detail ("Aussie lizards: big fine", The Sun Herald [Sydney] October 13, 1991).
A man has been convicted in the US of trafficking in exotic Australian lizards. 
Joseph Lewis, an executive of a cosmetic firm in Richmond, Virginia, was convicted of conspiracy to import shingleback skinks and bearded dragon lizards from Australia. 
Allen Hundley, of the US Fish and Wildlife division of law enforcement, said yesterday: "It was a big business, well-organised." 
Hundley said evidence before the court in Richmond showed Lewis had conspired with others to import three packages into the country from Australia. Those packages contained eight shingleback skinks and 10 bearded dragon lizards. 
According to court documents, in the mid-1980s Lewis ran a business from the basement of his home called Universal Select Animals. 
The company was "engaged in buying, selling and trading in exotic, rare and protected reptiles." 
Lewis pleaded guilty and was fined the equivalent of $9,400, ordered to perform 300 hours of community service and given 30 days of home confinement for his crime. 
Two Californian men have also pleaded guilty to charges in connection with the case.


Image
© ICE

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Wednesday, 18 August 2010

Miami Law: Missing the Ethical Point?

Derek Fincham has drawn attention to a draft paper by Stephen K. Urice (University of Miami, School of Law) with Andrew Adler (University of Miami), "Unveiling the Executive Branch's Extralegal Cultural Property Policy", University of Miami Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2010-20 [SSRN].

There is a section on the Third Intermediate Period Egyptian coffin of Imesy seized in October 2008 as it arrived in Miami from Ireland (pp. 10-13). This has been discussed elsewhere: "Looting Matters: Why Has a Coffin Been Returned to Egypt?", PR Newswire March 19, 2010. According to the Spanish press, the coffin was acquired in the 1970s. It had been shipped by a Barcelona galerista, Félix Cervera, of "Arqueología Clásica"; the gallery at the time of seizure was a probationary member of the International Association of Dealers in Ancient Art (IADAA). This same gallery (and its galerista) has been linked to "Operation Ghelas" [story archived here]. One wonders why the Egyptian coffin was imported with agricultural products if all the "paperwork" was in order. The coffin was handed over to Egypt in March 2010 and then returned to Egypt.

Urice and Adler do add one interesting detail. Previously the final part of the coffin's history was recorded as follows:
The item had been sent to an unnamed US dealer; it was claimed that it had already been sold to an anonymous Canadian collector.
However we are now told (on the basis of the verified complaint):
In September 2008, Joseph A. Lewis III imported an Egyptian sarcophagus constructed between 1070 and 946 B.C. into the United States from Barcelona, Spain. Lewis purchased the sarcophagus from Felix Cervera Correa, the owner of a Spanish gallery.
I presume that this Joseph A. Lewis III is the same as the Joseph A. Lewis III (and Sofi Lewis) who loaned "an Egyptian falcon mummy dating from 664-332 B.C." to the Clay Center exhibition "Lost Kingdoms of the Nile" ("Falcon mummy joins Clay Center exhibit", Charleston Daily Mail (West Virginia) November 12, 2009 [see also here]). The Lewis collection appears to have other items and it would be interesting for their full collecting histories to be disclosed.

The comments of a Sofi left on the blog post of a Washington lobbyist are cited (p. 12, n. 88):
“I have not seen a single article on this coffin with the correct facts so far. . . . Hawass’ only claim to this item . . . was the lack of an export permit from Egypt[;] in fact he stated that the Egyptian government had no idea whatsoever when this coffin left Egypt as they had no record of this item—period.”
Who is this Sofi? How does Sofi expect the Egyptian authorities to know about looting in Third Intermediate Period tombs? How does Sofi expect the Egyptian authorities to have documentary and photographic records of objects last seen when they were placed in a tomb during the Third Intermediate Period? Why was the Barcelona galerista unable to supply the correct papers when the coffin was seized?

Urice and Adler note that a certificate for the coffin had been obtained from the Art Loss Register. Such certificates are relatively meaningless when it comes to antiquities and this aspect need not detain us.

The authors of the paper at least concede:
none of this means that Dr. Hawass was incorrect to assert that the sarcophagus was “likely the product of an illegal excavation.” Indeed, there is admittedly a “great difficulty . . . in establishing the date of export where the parties evading export controls have every incentive to conceal such evidence.”
Perhaps what this paper reminds us is that private collectors in North America continue to be willing to acquire recently-surfaced antiquities without considering the ethical dimension of their purchases.


Image
© ICE



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Wednesday, 21 July 2010

On the Agenda


Looting Matters has recently commented on some of the breaking stories: the Medici Dossier and auction-houses; Madrid and the Polaroids; the Japanese dealer and the Geneva Freeport.

I am aware that some of the older stories are still 'live'. These include the identification of objects in North American collections by the Greek authorities; material from FYROM; and long-term loans to museums.

There are also much larger questions to address. Is it possible to start a new museum of archaeological material without acquiring recently-surfaced antiquities? What can dealers do to avoid selling 'toxic antiquities'? What is the scale of the market?

As always, I welcome comments and suggestions from readers.


Image
Athenian red-figured pelike seized by ICE on the New York market.

6Q858HBB4E74

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Another Bürki object returns to Italy

Source: MMA A psykter column-krater attributed to the Troilos painter was deaccessioned by New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art in June...